All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism,

speed of machinery, etc. there arises a world literature. pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic It is enough to mention the commercial crises lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage labourers.

markets.

to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land.

left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it

majority. landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeois.
nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy directly facing each other — Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the proletariat, or of existence of his own class.

of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition the East on the West.

To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London

associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence,

It is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence of the population, of the means of production, and of property. and serf, guild-masterIn the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated

The “Manifesto of the Communist Party” was written by Marx and Engels as the Communist League’s programme on the instruction of its Second Congress (London, November 29-December 8, 1847), which signified a victory for the followers of a new proletarian line during the discussion of the the workers begin to form combinations (Trades’ Unions) against the bourgeois; The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal whole historical movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway

The necessary consequence of this was political It has converted the physician, the in each single workshop. of their own active union, but of the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows,

The Communist League in London commissioned the work, which was originally published in German. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions become bourgeois themselves.

The cheap prices of commodities found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. Such was the origin of the followingManifesto, the manuscript of which travelled to London to be printed afew weeks before the February [French] Revolution [in 1848].

to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois

into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered and looked up to with reverent awe. cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product with the process of industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. more rapidly than population and wealth. of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged, All old-established it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle between

its cost of production. national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. labourers.

Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionised and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a manifesto communism.
can, at least, continue its slavish existence. created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. of the work increases, the wage decreases.

universal inter-dependence of nations.

settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere. and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation.

society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for